Notes for Student Nurses

Introduction:                      Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) is a clinical syndrome that can result from any structural and functional cardiac disorders that impairs the ability of ventricles to fill with and pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients.

Hydrocephalus is the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the intracranial spaces. It occurs due to imbalance between production or absorption of CSF or due to obstruction of CSF pathways. It results in the dilation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head. Etiology  / Causes : It may occur due to congenital or acquired causes. Congenital Hydrocephalus:           It occurs due to following conditions: Intrauterine infections : mainly in rubella, cytomegalovirus  Congenital brain tumor obstructing the CSF flow. Intracranial hemorrhage Congenital malformation like aqueduct stenosis, displacement of brainstem and cerebellum, blocking of septum or membrane of outlet of the 4th ventricle. Malformation of arachnoid villi. Acquired Hydrocephalus:           It occurs usually in following conditions : Inflammation : meningitis, encephalitis Trauma : birth trauma , head injury , intracranial  haemorrhage  Neoplasm : space occupying lesi