Opthalmic Disorders

Conjunctivitis:


  • It is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, a thin mucous membrane lining the inner aspect of eyelids. It is also known as Pink eye.

Etiology:

  1. All ages and all seasons especially autumn and spring.
  2. Bacterial Infections
  3. Viral Infections
  4. Chlamydia Infections
  5. Chemicals
  6. Chronic irritation
Clinical Manifestations: ( REDBV)
  1. Unilateral or bilateral RED EYE.
  2. EYE IRRITATION.
  3. DISCHARGE from eyes: which may be watery, mucoid, mucopurulent or purulent.
  4. BURNING SENSATION.
  5. Blurred VISION, clears with blinking.
Types:
1. Allergic Conjunctivitis: 
  • Due to allergic reactions. (poison, cosmetics, dust)
  • Lacrimation (excessive tear flow), photophobia, redness, itching of eye, edema of eyelids, watery discharge are the clinical features.
2. Bacterial Conjunctivitis: 

  • Due to bacteria like Staphylococcus, Pneumonococcus, Pseudomonas species.
3. Viral Conjunctivitis:
  • Caused by a wide variety of viruses. Like Adenovirus, Herpes simplex.
  • Irritation, mucoid discharge, Lacrimation, Photophobia, Hyperemia are the clinical features.
4. Infective Conjunctivitis:
  • Highly infectious, usually seen among school children.
Causes:
  • Chemical irritants: acids, smoke, wind, UV light.
  • Chronic irritants: due to rubbing, wearing of contact lenses.
  • Fungal Infection: Candida, Albicans.
  • Chlamydia Infection: Chlamydia trachomitis, through vector flies.
  • Through personal equipments like towels, handerchief.


Diagnosis:

  • History taking
  • Physical Health examination.
  • Culture and sensitivity test: Conjunctival culture.
  • Bacterioogical examination.
Treatment:
  • Use cold compress to relieve itching.
  • Identify and remove substances that causes irritation.
  • Do not rub or apply hot compress.
  • Maintain personal hygiene.
  • Wear protective glasses to soothe the eyes.
  • Wash hands before and after touching the eyes.
  • Wash conjunctival sac with normal saline 3 times a day.
  • Clean the crusts (outer layer) of eyelid and lashes with cotton.
  • Do not use pressure on eyeball.
  • Antibiotic therapy: In case of bacterial Conjunctivitis
         -Eyedrops:  4-6 times daily 
               Like Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Framycin, Neomycin, 
         - Ointment:
                Chloromycentin, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Framycin, Neomycin.
  • Anti- Histamine should be given orally or drops.
  • Steroids: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone.
  • Cycloplegic and Mydriatic action: Atropine sulphate, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Homatrophine hydrobromide.
  • No specific treatment for viral conjunctivitis (usually lasts 7-10 days).
Nursing Management:
  1. Assessment: Assess the signs, symptoms, severity of conjunctivitis.
  2. Nursing Diagnosis:
  • Acute pain related to infection in eyes.
  • Alteration in comfort related to foreign body sensation in eyes.
  • Altered visual perception related to stickyness in eyes.
  • Deficit Knowledge related to disease process.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Nursing Management of Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Image
Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder characterised by formation of autoantibodies directed against self-antigens and immune-complex formation resulting in damage to essentially any organ. Clinical Manifestations : Assessment and Diagnostic Findings : Diagnosis of lupus is difficult because sign and symptoms vary considerably from person to person. Signs and symptoms lupus may vary over time and overlap with those of many other disorders. No one test can diagnose lupus. The combination of blood and urine tests, sign and symptoms and physical examination findings leads to the diagnosis .  Laboratory and imaging tests include : 1. Complete Blood count  2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate  3. Kidney and liver assessment 4. Antinuclear antibody ( ANA ) test 5. Chest X-ray  6. Echocardiogram 7. Urinalysis The American College of Rheumatology has established criteria fo...
Read more

Understanding Trigeminal Neuralgia

Image
               Trigeminal Neuralgia  Anatomy of trigeminal nerve         The trigeminal nerve is the largest of 12 cranial nerves. Its main function is transmitting sensory information to the skin, sinuses and mucous membranes in the face. It also stimulates movement in the jaw muscles.        The trigemnial nerve has three different divisions. Each division has different functions .  Opthalmic division :  The opthalmic division conveys sensory information from the : scalp forehead upper parts of the sinuses upper eyelid and associated mucous membranes  cornea of the eye bridge of the nose                                 Maxillary division : Like the opthalmic division, the maxillary division of trigemnial nerve has a sensory component. It transmits sensory information fr...
Read more

Memorize Coagulation Factors

COAGULATION FACTORS. F reshers P arty T oday C ome L et's S ing A nd C all S eniors P lease H ave F un. I) F ibrinogen. II) P rothrombin. III) T hromboplastin. IV) C alcium. V) L abile factor. VII) S table Factor. VIII) A nti Haemolytic factor A. IX) C hristmas Factor. X) S tuart prower factor. XI) P TA ( Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent. XII) H ageman factor. XII) F ibrin stabilizing factor. PS: Coagulation factor VII is no longer used.
Read more