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Nursing Management of Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder characterised by formation of autoantibodies directed against self-antigens and immune-complex formation resulting in damage to essentially any organ. Clinical Manifestations : Assessment and Diagnostic Findings : Diagnosis of lupus is difficult because sign and symptoms vary considerably from person to person. Signs and symptoms lupus may vary over time and overlap with those of many other disorders. No one test can diagnose lupus. The combination of blood and urine tests, sign and symptoms and physical examination findings leads to the diagnosis .  Laboratory and imaging tests include : 1. Complete Blood count  2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate  3. Kidney and liver assessment 4. Antinuclear antibody ( ANA ) test 5. Chest X-ray  6. Echocardiogram 7. Urinalysis The American College of Rheumatology has established criteria for the classificatio
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Understanding Trigeminal Neuralgia

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               Trigeminal Neuralgia  Anatomy of trigeminal nerve         The trigeminal nerve is the largest of 12 cranial nerves. Its main function is transmitting sensory information to the skin, sinuses and mucous membranes in the face. It also stimulates movement in the jaw muscles.        The trigemnial nerve has three different divisions. Each division has different functions .  Opthalmic division :  The opthalmic division conveys sensory information from the : scalp forehead upper parts of the sinuses upper eyelid and associated mucous membranes  cornea of the eye bridge of the nose                                 Maxillary division : Like the opthalmic division, the maxillary division of trigemnial nerve has a sensory component. It transmits sensory information from the : lower eyelid and associated mucous membranes middle part of the sinuses nasal cavity and middle part of the nose  cheeks upper lip some of the teeth of the upper jaw a
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Nursing Management of Hydrocephalus

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Hydrocephalus is the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the intracranial spaces. It occurs due to imbalance between production or absorption of CSF or due to obstruction of CSF pathways. It results in the dilation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head. Etiology  / Causes : It may occur due to congenital or acquired causes. Congenital Hydrocephalus:           It occurs due to following conditions: Intrauterine infections : mainly in rubella, cytomegalovirus  Congenital brain tumor obstructing the CSF flow. Intracranial hemorrhage Congenital malformation like aqueduct stenosis, displacement of brainstem and cerebellum, blocking of septum or membrane of outlet of the 4th ventricle. Malformation of arachnoid villi. Acquired Hydrocephalus:           It occurs usually in following conditions : Inflammation : meningitis, encephalitis Trauma : birth trauma , head injury , intracranial  haemorrhage  Neoplasm : space occupying lesi
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